1. Introduction

Anything in the environment which can be used is called a natural resource.

Management of natural resources refers to controlling the use of resources to avoid wastage and maximize effectiveness.

Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was initiated to reduce the pollution load of river Ganga by more than 75%. Water quality is checked by testing for coliform bacteria per 100 ml.

2. Forest and Wildlife

• Forests are vast areas where wild plants and animals live naturally without human interference.
• Forests are considered biodiversity hot spots.
• A stakeholder is a person with interest or concern in something.

Stakeholders in forest conservation:

1. People living in or around forests, dependent on forest products.
2. The Forest Department of the Government.
3. Industrialists using forest products (e.g. tendu leaves, paper mills).
4. Wildlife and nature enthusiasts.

A major programme called silviculture has been started to replenish forests by growing more trees.

Steps for Conservation of Energy Resources:

• Save electricity and water by avoiding unnecessary usage.
• Use energy-efficient appliances.
• Use pressure cookers for cooking.
• Use solar cookers.
• Encourage use of biogas for domestic fuel.
• Use fuel-efficient vehicles to reduce fuel consumption.

3. Pollution

(A) Air Pollution from Combustion

Burning coal and petroleum-based fuels releases:

• Carbon dioxide
• Water (harmless)
• Sulphur dioxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Carbon monoxide (when air supply is insufficient)

All except water are harmful pollutants.

(B) Dams and Water Management

• Large dams impact society, economy, and environment.
• Alternative, localized water management solutions are possible and desirable.

Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum are limited and pollute the environment. Hence, they should be used judiciously.

Other Key Points:

• Destruction of forests affects soil quality and water sources.
• Killing snakes disrupts food chains and ecological balance.
• Sources of water include: Rain, Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, Wells, Oceans, Glaciers.
• River water pollution is mainly due to untreated sewage and industrial waste.
• Pollution detection: Presence of coliform bacteria and river water pH measurement.

(a) Rainwater Harvesting

An ancient practice in India, method varies by location.

Advantages of Storing Water in the Ground:

• No evaporation.
• Recharges wells and provides moisture over a wide area.
• Prevents mosquito breeding (unlike stagnant water).
• Protected from human/animal contamination.

(b) Traditional Water Harvesting Systems

Various methods exist depending on regional conditions, and they help in sustainable water management.