Chapter 5: The Age of Industrialisation
Introduction
The Age of Industrialisation marked a significant transformation in society, economics, and technology. It led to the establishment of factories, advancements in production processes, and changes in the lives of workers. Before industrialisation, goods were produced by artisans or small workshops, but with the rise of factories, large-scale production became the norm.
Proto-Industrialisation
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, industrial production was primarily associated with factories. The phase known as proto-industrialisation involved scattered production networks and small-scale industries.
- Artisans and skilled workers produced goods in rural households.
- Merchants supplied raw materials and purchased finished products.
- The transition from hand-based production to machine-based production laid the foundation for industrialisation.
Protective Tariff
Governments imposed protective tariffs to safeguard domestic industries from foreign competition. These tariffs helped local manufacturers by making imported goods more expensive, thus encouraging consumers to buy domestic products.
Life of the Workers
- Workers faced hardships, including irregular employment, poor wages, and extreme working conditions.
- During peak seasons, factories employed more workers, but during off-seasons, many faced unemployment.
- Wages increased in the 19th century but remained insufficient to maintain a stable livelihood.
- Fear of job loss led to resistance against technological advancements, such as mechanisation in the woollen industry.
Laissez-Faire Policy
The Laissez-Faire economic policy, advocated by British economist Adam Smith, promoted free trade by urging governments to refrain from interfering in trade and industrial production.
- Encouraged unrestricted trade among nations.
- Reduced government control over industries.
- Advocated minimal taxation and regulations.
Policy of Protection
While some economists supported free trade, others believed in a policy of protection to support newly formed industries against international competition.
- Governments imposed tariffs on imported goods.
- Restrictions on foreign traders were introduced to promote local businesses.
- Industrial growth flourished under state-supported policies.
Imperial Preference
During British rule in India, goods imported from Britain were given special rights under the imperial preference system.
- Encouraged British exports to India.
- Limited Indian manufacturers’ ability to compete globally.
- Created economic dependence on British industrial goods.
Chamber of Commerce
The Chamber of Commerce was established in the 19th century to collectively address trade-related issues and promote industrial growth.
- First office set up in Madras.
- Facilitated collaboration between businesses and policymakers.
- Provided recommendations for commercial regulations and trade agreements.
Nationalist Message and Swadeshi Movement
Indian manufacturers used advertisements to spread the nationalist message, urging people to buy locally produced goods.
- Emphasised the importance of supporting Indian industries.
- Encouraged citizens to boycott British goods.
- Strengthened the Swadeshi movement.
Impact of Industrialisation
Industrialisation transformed various aspects of life, including:
- Mass production led to the rise of factory-based industries.
- Urbanisation increased as workers migrated to industrial cities.
- Technological advancements boosted efficiency.
- Labour unions emerged to advocate for better working conditions.
Challenges of Industrialisation
Despite its benefits, industrialisation posed significant challenges:
- Workers endured unsafe environments with long working hours.
- Air and water pollution worsened due to increased factory emissions.
- Traditional artisans struggled to compete with large factories.
- Economic disparities widened between industrialists and labourers.
Reforms and Industrial Regulations
Governments introduced laws to protect workers from exploitation and improve living conditions.
- The Factory Act introduced regulations on working hours.
- Child labour laws were enforced to prevent exploitation.
- Labour unions gained strength to negotiate better wages.
The Role of Women in Industry
Women played a crucial role in industrialisation, contributing to various sectors:
- Worked in textile mills and garment factories.
- Engaged in home-based industries, such as tailoring and weaving.
- Faced wage discrimination and limited employment opportunities.
Technological Innovations
The industrial revolution led to several technological advancements, including:
- Steam engines increased production efficiency.
- Railways enhanced transportation networks.
- Mechanisation transformed agriculture and manufacturing.
Conclusion
The Age of Industrialisation brought profound changes in technology, industry, and society. While it fueled economic growth, it also created social disparities. The need for balanced development remains relevant even today, as industries continue to evolve and expand.